TY - JOUR
T1 - UV filters interaction in the chlorinated swimming pool, a new challenge for urbanization, a need for community scale investigations
AU - Sharifan, Hamidreza
AU - Klein, David
AU - Morse, Audra N.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2016/7/1
Y1 - 2016/7/1
N2 - Sunscreen products and some personal care products contain the Ultraviolet (UV) chemical filters, which are entering the surface water. Public concerns about secondary effects of these compounds are growing because of the contamination of the aquatic environment that may reach to potentially toxic concentration levels. This article highlights the reaction of certain UV filters with hypochlorite disinfectant in the presence of sunlight. Due to urbanization and industrialization, use of outdoor plastic swimming pools is increasing. The relatively smaller volume of these pools compared to larger pools may increase the concentration of the UV filters in the pool and their potential interactions with materials of human origin (urine, sweat, cosmetics, skin cells, and hair) to the levels of toxicity concerns for children through the creation of disinfection by products (DBP). Based on our analysis, the minimum concentration levels of 2.85, 1.9, 1.78 and 0.95 g/L, respectively, for EHMC, OC, 4-MBC and BP3 UV filters in children pools are predicted. Therefore, this article calls for an urgent investigation of potential toxic effects of the UV filters, the creation of DBPs and their subsequent impacts on human health.
AB - Sunscreen products and some personal care products contain the Ultraviolet (UV) chemical filters, which are entering the surface water. Public concerns about secondary effects of these compounds are growing because of the contamination of the aquatic environment that may reach to potentially toxic concentration levels. This article highlights the reaction of certain UV filters with hypochlorite disinfectant in the presence of sunlight. Due to urbanization and industrialization, use of outdoor plastic swimming pools is increasing. The relatively smaller volume of these pools compared to larger pools may increase the concentration of the UV filters in the pool and their potential interactions with materials of human origin (urine, sweat, cosmetics, skin cells, and hair) to the levels of toxicity concerns for children through the creation of disinfection by products (DBP). Based on our analysis, the minimum concentration levels of 2.85, 1.9, 1.78 and 0.95 g/L, respectively, for EHMC, OC, 4-MBC and BP3 UV filters in children pools are predicted. Therefore, this article calls for an urgent investigation of potential toxic effects of the UV filters, the creation of DBPs and their subsequent impacts on human health.
KW - Disinfectants
KW - Human health
KW - Swimming pools
KW - UV filters
KW - Urbanization
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84962900885&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.002
DO - 10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.002
M3 - Article
C2 - 27088731
AN - SCOPUS:84962900885
SN - 0013-9351
VL - 148
SP - 273
EP - 276
JO - Environmental Research
JF - Environmental Research
ER -