TY - JOUR
T1 - The triumvirate
T2 - why hypertension, obesity, and diabetes are risk factors for adverse effects in patients with COVID-19
AU - Shah, Harsh
AU - Khan, Md Shahjalal Hossain
AU - Dhurandhar, Nikhil V.
AU - Hegde, Vijay
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, Springer-Verlag Italia S.r.l., part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2021/7
Y1 - 2021/7
N2 - The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a pandemic. The cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry is the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a membrane-bound homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Henceforth, this has brought the attention of the scientific community to study the interaction between COVID-19 and the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), as well as RAS inhibitors. However, these inhibitors are commonly used to treat hypertension, chronic kidney disorder, and diabetes. Obesity is a known risk factor for heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension, whereas diabetes and hypertension may be indirectly related to each other through the effects of obesity. Furthermore, people with hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and other related complications like cardiovascular and kidney diseases have a higher risk of severe COVID-19 infection than the general population and usually exhibit poor prognosis. This severity could be due to systemic inflammation and compromised immune response and RAS associated with these comorbid conditions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop evidence-based treatment methods that do not affect the severity of COVID-19 infection and effectively manage these chronic diseases in people with COVID-19.
AB - The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a pandemic. The cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry is the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a membrane-bound homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Henceforth, this has brought the attention of the scientific community to study the interaction between COVID-19 and the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), as well as RAS inhibitors. However, these inhibitors are commonly used to treat hypertension, chronic kidney disorder, and diabetes. Obesity is a known risk factor for heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension, whereas diabetes and hypertension may be indirectly related to each other through the effects of obesity. Furthermore, people with hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and other related complications like cardiovascular and kidney diseases have a higher risk of severe COVID-19 infection than the general population and usually exhibit poor prognosis. This severity could be due to systemic inflammation and compromised immune response and RAS associated with these comorbid conditions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop evidence-based treatment methods that do not affect the severity of COVID-19 infection and effectively manage these chronic diseases in people with COVID-19.
KW - ACE2
KW - Comorbidities
KW - SARS-CoV-2
KW - Viral infection
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85101447947&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s00592-020-01636-z
DO - 10.1007/s00592-020-01636-z
M3 - Review article
C2 - 33587177
AN - SCOPUS:85101447947
SN - 0940-5429
VL - 58
SP - 831
EP - 843
JO - Acta Diabetologica
JF - Acta Diabetologica
IS - 7
ER -