TY - JOUR
T1 - The Role of Risk and Protective Factors in Substance Use Across Adolescence
AU - Cleveland, Michael J.
AU - Feinberg, Mark E.
AU - Bontempo, Daniel E.
AU - Greenberg, Mark T.
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by Grant MH62668 from the National Institute of Mental Health; Center Grant P50 DA100075 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse to The Methodology Center; and Training Grant T32 DA017629-01A1 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
PY - 2008/8
Y1 - 2008/8
N2 - Purpose: To compare the relative influence of risk and protective factors across several domains on adolescent substance use in a large sample of youth. Methods: Cross-sectional survey data were collected from students in grades 6, 8, 10, and 12 in Pennsylvania (N = 91,778). Generalized linear mixed models were estimated for each grade level to examine associations among indices of three risk factors (individual, peer, and family) and three protective factors (family, school, and community) and both recent and lifetime substance use. Results: The risk factors were stronger predictors of substance use outcomes compared with the protective factors, regardless of grade level or substance use type. In particular, the individual and peer risk factors were strongly related to lifetime and recent use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana. Among the protective factors, the strongest associations with substance use were found in the community domain. Several age-related differences in the associations were also found, suggesting that family and community factors were more salient among younger adolescents whereas peer and school factors were stronger among older adolescents. Conclusions: These findings provide support for the social development model (SDM), which proposes that adolescent substance use is associated with factors across multiple spheres of influence. Age-related differences in these associations suggest that effective interventions to reduce adolescent substance use may need to emphasize different domains of risk and protective factors at different stages of adolescent development.
AB - Purpose: To compare the relative influence of risk and protective factors across several domains on adolescent substance use in a large sample of youth. Methods: Cross-sectional survey data were collected from students in grades 6, 8, 10, and 12 in Pennsylvania (N = 91,778). Generalized linear mixed models were estimated for each grade level to examine associations among indices of three risk factors (individual, peer, and family) and three protective factors (family, school, and community) and both recent and lifetime substance use. Results: The risk factors were stronger predictors of substance use outcomes compared with the protective factors, regardless of grade level or substance use type. In particular, the individual and peer risk factors were strongly related to lifetime and recent use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana. Among the protective factors, the strongest associations with substance use were found in the community domain. Several age-related differences in the associations were also found, suggesting that family and community factors were more salient among younger adolescents whereas peer and school factors were stronger among older adolescents. Conclusions: These findings provide support for the social development model (SDM), which proposes that adolescent substance use is associated with factors across multiple spheres of influence. Age-related differences in these associations suggest that effective interventions to reduce adolescent substance use may need to emphasize different domains of risk and protective factors at different stages of adolescent development.
KW - Adolescence
KW - Age differences
KW - Protective factors
KW - Risk factors
KW - Substance use
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=47049101468&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.01.015
DO - 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.01.015
M3 - Article
C2 - 18639789
AN - SCOPUS:47049101468
VL - 43
SP - 157
EP - 164
JO - Journal of Adolescent Health
JF - Journal of Adolescent Health
SN - 1054-139X
IS - 2
ER -