Abstract
High-time-resolution X-ray observations of compact objects provide direct access to strong-field gravity, to the equation of state of ultradense matter and to black hole masses and spins. A 10 m 2-class instrument in combination with good spectral resolution is required to exploit the relevant diagnostics and answer two of the fundamental questions of the European Space Agency (ESA) Cosmic Vision Theme "Matter under extreme conditions", namely: does matter orbiting close to the event horizon follow the predictions of general relativity? What is the equation of state of matter in neutron stars? The Large Observatory For X-ray Timing (LOFT), selected by ESA as one of the four Cosmic Vision M3 candidate missions to undergo an assessment phase, will revolutionise the study of collapsed objects in our galaxy and of the brightest supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei. Thanks to an innovative design and the development of large-area monolithic silicon drift detectors, the Large Area Detector (LAD) on board LOFT will achieve an effective area of ~12 m 2 (more than an order of magnitude larger than any spaceborne predecessor) in the 2-30 keV range (up to 50 keV in expanded mode), yet still fits a conventional platform and small/medium-class launcher. With this large area and a spectral resolution of <260 eV, LOFT will yield unprecedented information on strongly curved spacetimes and matter under extreme conditions of pressure and magnetic field strength.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 415-444 |
| Number of pages | 30 |
| Journal | Experimental Astronomy |
| Volume | 34 |
| Issue number | 2 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Oct 2012 |
Keywords
- Missions
- X-ray timing
- black holes
- compact objects
- neutron stars
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The Large Observatory for X-ray Timing (LOFT). / Feroci, M.; Stella, L.; van der Klis, M.; Courvoisier, T. J.L.; Hernanz, M.; Hudec, R.; Santangelo, A.; Walton, D.; Zdziarski, A.; Barret, D.; Belloni, T.; Braga, J.; Brandt, S.; Budtz-Jørgensen, C.; Campana, S.; den Herder, J. W.; Huovelin, J.; Israel, G. L.; Pohl, M.; Ray, P.; Vacchi, A.; Zane, S.; Argan, A.; Attinà, P.; Bertuccio, G.; Bozzo, E.; Campana, R.; Chakrabarty, D.; Costa, E.; de Rosa, A.; Del Monte, E.; Di Cosimo, S.; Donnarumma, I.; Evangelista, Y.; Haas, D.; Jonker, P.; Korpela, S.; Labanti, C.; Malcovati, P.; Mignani, R.; Muleri, F.; Rapisarda, M.; Rashevsky, A.; Rea, N.; Rubini, A.; Tenzer, C.; Wilson-Hodge, C.; Winter, B.; Wood, K.; Zampa, G.; Zampa, N.; Abramowicz, M. A.; Alpar, M. A.; Altamirano, D.; Alvarez, J. M.; Amati, L.; Amoros, C.; Antonelli, L. A.; Artigue, R.; Azzarello, P.; Bachetti, M.; Baldazzi, G.; Barbera, M.; Barbieri, C.; Basa, S.; Baykal, A.; Belmont, R.; Boirin, L.; Bonvicini, V.; Burderi, L.; Bursa, M.; Cabanac, C.; Cackett, E.; Caliandro, G. A.; Casella, P.; Chaty, S.; Chenevez, J.; Coe, M. J.; Collura, A.; Corongiu, A.; Covino, S.; Cusumano, G.; D'Amico, F.; Dall'Osso, S.; de Martino, D.; de Paris, G.; Di Persio, G.; Di Salvo, T.; Done, C.; Dovčiak, M.; Drago, A.; Ertan, U.; Fabiani, S.; Falanga, M.; Fender, R.; Ferrando, P.; della Monica Ferreira, D.; Fraser, G.; Frontera, F.; Fuschino, F.; Galvez, J. L.; Gandhi, P.; Giommi, P.; Godet, O.; Göǧüş, E.; Goldwurm, A.; Götz, D.; Grassi, M.; Guttridge, P.; Hakala, P.; Henri, G.; Hermsen, W.; Horak, J.; Hornstrup, A.; in't Zand, J. J.M.; Isern, J.; Kalemci, E.; Kanbach, G.; Karas, V.; Kataria, D.; Kennedy, T.; Klochkov, D.; Kluźniak, W.; Kokkotas, K.; Kreykenbohm, I.; Krolik, J.; Kuiper, L.; Kuvvetli, I.; Kylafis, N.; Lattimer, J. M.; Lazzarotto, F.; Leahy, D.; Lebrun, F.; Lin, D.; Lund, N.; Maccarone, T.; Malzac, J.; Marisaldi, M.; Martindale, A.; Mastropietro, M.; McClintock, J.; McHardy, I.; Mendez, M.; Mereghetti, S.; Miller, M. C.; Mineo, T.; Morelli, E.; Morsink, S.; Motch, C.; Motta, S.; Muñoz-Darias, T.; Naletto, G.; Neustroev, V.; Nevalainen, J.; Olive, J. F.; Orio, M.; Orlandini, M.; Orleanski, P.; Ozel, F.; Pacciani, L.; Paltani, S.; Papadakis, I.; Papitto, A.; Patruno, A.; Pellizzoni, A.; Petráček, V.; Petri, J.; Petrucci, P. O.; Phlips, B.; Picolli, L.; Possenti, A.; Psaltis, D.; Rambaud, D.; Reig, P.; Remillard, R.; Rodriguez, J.; Romano, P.; Romanova, M.; Schanz, T.; Schmid, C.; Segreto, A.; Shearer, A.; Smith, A.; Smith, P. J.; Soffitta, P.; Stergioulas, N.; Stolarski, M.; Stuchlik, Z.; Tiengo, A.; Torres, D.; Török, G.; Turolla, R.; Uttley, P.; Vaughan, S.; Vercellone, S.; Waters, R.; Watts, A.; Wawrzaszek, R.; Webb, N.; Wilms, J.; Zampieri, L.; Zezas, A.; Ziolkowski, J.
In: Experimental Astronomy, Vol. 34, No. 2, 10.2012, p. 415-444.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - The Large Observatory for X-ray Timing (LOFT)
AU - Feroci, M.
AU - Stella, L.
AU - van der Klis, M.
AU - Courvoisier, T. J.L.
AU - Hernanz, M.
AU - Hudec, R.
AU - Santangelo, A.
AU - Walton, D.
AU - Zdziarski, A.
AU - Barret, D.
AU - Belloni, T.
AU - Braga, J.
AU - Brandt, S.
AU - Budtz-Jørgensen, C.
AU - Campana, S.
AU - den Herder, J. W.
AU - Huovelin, J.
AU - Israel, G. L.
AU - Pohl, M.
AU - Ray, P.
AU - Vacchi, A.
AU - Zane, S.
AU - Argan, A.
AU - Attinà, P.
AU - Bertuccio, G.
AU - Bozzo, E.
AU - Campana, R.
AU - Chakrabarty, D.
AU - Costa, E.
AU - de Rosa, A.
AU - Del Monte, E.
AU - Di Cosimo, S.
AU - Donnarumma, I.
AU - Evangelista, Y.
AU - Haas, D.
AU - Jonker, P.
AU - Korpela, S.
AU - Labanti, C.
AU - Malcovati, P.
AU - Mignani, R.
AU - Muleri, F.
AU - Rapisarda, M.
AU - Rashevsky, A.
AU - Rea, N.
AU - Rubini, A.
AU - Tenzer, C.
AU - Wilson-Hodge, C.
AU - Winter, B.
AU - Wood, K.
AU - Zampa, G.
AU - Zampa, N.
AU - Abramowicz, M. A.
AU - Alpar, M. A.
AU - Altamirano, D.
AU - Alvarez, J. M.
AU - Amati, L.
AU - Amoros, C.
AU - Antonelli, L. A.
AU - Artigue, R.
AU - Azzarello, P.
AU - Bachetti, M.
AU - Baldazzi, G.
AU - Barbera, M.
AU - Barbieri, C.
AU - Basa, S.
AU - Baykal, A.
AU - Belmont, R.
AU - Boirin, L.
AU - Bonvicini, V.
AU - Burderi, L.
AU - Bursa, M.
AU - Cabanac, C.
AU - Cackett, E.
AU - Caliandro, G. A.
AU - Casella, P.
AU - Chaty, S.
AU - Chenevez, J.
AU - Coe, M. J.
AU - Collura, A.
AU - Corongiu, A.
AU - Covino, S.
AU - Cusumano, G.
AU - D'Amico, F.
AU - Dall'Osso, S.
AU - de Martino, D.
AU - de Paris, G.
AU - Di Persio, G.
AU - Di Salvo, T.
AU - Done, C.
AU - Dovčiak, M.
AU - Drago, A.
AU - Ertan, U.
AU - Fabiani, S.
AU - Falanga, M.
AU - Fender, R.
AU - Ferrando, P.
AU - della Monica Ferreira, D.
AU - Fraser, G.
AU - Frontera, F.
AU - Fuschino, F.
AU - Galvez, J. L.
AU - Gandhi, P.
AU - Giommi, P.
AU - Godet, O.
AU - Göǧüş, E.
AU - Goldwurm, A.
AU - Götz, D.
AU - Grassi, M.
AU - Guttridge, P.
AU - Hakala, P.
AU - Henri, G.
AU - Hermsen, W.
AU - Horak, J.
AU - Hornstrup, A.
AU - in't Zand, J. J.M.
AU - Isern, J.
AU - Kalemci, E.
AU - Kanbach, G.
AU - Karas, V.
AU - Kataria, D.
AU - Kennedy, T.
AU - Klochkov, D.
AU - Kluźniak, W.
AU - Kokkotas, K.
AU - Kreykenbohm, I.
AU - Krolik, J.
AU - Kuiper, L.
AU - Kuvvetli, I.
AU - Kylafis, N.
AU - Lattimer, J. M.
AU - Lazzarotto, F.
AU - Leahy, D.
AU - Lebrun, F.
AU - Lin, D.
AU - Lund, N.
AU - Maccarone, T.
AU - Malzac, J.
AU - Marisaldi, M.
AU - Martindale, A.
AU - Mastropietro, M.
AU - McClintock, J.
AU - McHardy, I.
AU - Mendez, M.
AU - Mereghetti, S.
AU - Miller, M. C.
AU - Mineo, T.
AU - Morelli, E.
AU - Morsink, S.
AU - Motch, C.
AU - Motta, S.
AU - Muñoz-Darias, T.
AU - Naletto, G.
AU - Neustroev, V.
AU - Nevalainen, J.
AU - Olive, J. F.
AU - Orio, M.
AU - Orlandini, M.
AU - Orleanski, P.
AU - Ozel, F.
AU - Pacciani, L.
AU - Paltani, S.
AU - Papadakis, I.
AU - Papitto, A.
AU - Patruno, A.
AU - Pellizzoni, A.
AU - Petráček, V.
AU - Petri, J.
AU - Petrucci, P. O.
AU - Phlips, B.
AU - Picolli, L.
AU - Possenti, A.
AU - Psaltis, D.
AU - Rambaud, D.
AU - Reig, P.
AU - Remillard, R.
AU - Rodriguez, J.
AU - Romano, P.
AU - Romanova, M.
AU - Schanz, T.
AU - Schmid, C.
AU - Segreto, A.
AU - Shearer, A.
AU - Smith, A.
AU - Smith, P. J.
AU - Soffitta, P.
AU - Stergioulas, N.
AU - Stolarski, M.
AU - Stuchlik, Z.
AU - Tiengo, A.
AU - Torres, D.
AU - Török, G.
AU - Turolla, R.
AU - Uttley, P.
AU - Vaughan, S.
AU - Vercellone, S.
AU - Waters, R.
AU - Watts, A.
AU - Wawrzaszek, R.
AU - Webb, N.
AU - Wilms, J.
AU - Zampieri, L.
AU - Zezas, A.
AU - Ziolkowski, J.
PY - 2012/10
Y1 - 2012/10
N2 - High-time-resolution X-ray observations of compact objects provide direct access to strong-field gravity, to the equation of state of ultradense matter and to black hole masses and spins. A 10 m 2-class instrument in combination with good spectral resolution is required to exploit the relevant diagnostics and answer two of the fundamental questions of the European Space Agency (ESA) Cosmic Vision Theme "Matter under extreme conditions", namely: does matter orbiting close to the event horizon follow the predictions of general relativity? What is the equation of state of matter in neutron stars? The Large Observatory For X-ray Timing (LOFT), selected by ESA as one of the four Cosmic Vision M3 candidate missions to undergo an assessment phase, will revolutionise the study of collapsed objects in our galaxy and of the brightest supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei. Thanks to an innovative design and the development of large-area monolithic silicon drift detectors, the Large Area Detector (LAD) on board LOFT will achieve an effective area of ~12 m 2 (more than an order of magnitude larger than any spaceborne predecessor) in the 2-30 keV range (up to 50 keV in expanded mode), yet still fits a conventional platform and small/medium-class launcher. With this large area and a spectral resolution of <260 eV, LOFT will yield unprecedented information on strongly curved spacetimes and matter under extreme conditions of pressure and magnetic field strength.
AB - High-time-resolution X-ray observations of compact objects provide direct access to strong-field gravity, to the equation of state of ultradense matter and to black hole masses and spins. A 10 m 2-class instrument in combination with good spectral resolution is required to exploit the relevant diagnostics and answer two of the fundamental questions of the European Space Agency (ESA) Cosmic Vision Theme "Matter under extreme conditions", namely: does matter orbiting close to the event horizon follow the predictions of general relativity? What is the equation of state of matter in neutron stars? The Large Observatory For X-ray Timing (LOFT), selected by ESA as one of the four Cosmic Vision M3 candidate missions to undergo an assessment phase, will revolutionise the study of collapsed objects in our galaxy and of the brightest supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei. Thanks to an innovative design and the development of large-area monolithic silicon drift detectors, the Large Area Detector (LAD) on board LOFT will achieve an effective area of ~12 m 2 (more than an order of magnitude larger than any spaceborne predecessor) in the 2-30 keV range (up to 50 keV in expanded mode), yet still fits a conventional platform and small/medium-class launcher. With this large area and a spectral resolution of <260 eV, LOFT will yield unprecedented information on strongly curved spacetimes and matter under extreme conditions of pressure and magnetic field strength.
KW - Missions
KW - X-ray timing
KW - black holes
KW - compact objects
KW - neutron stars
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84866887519&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s10686-011-9237-2
DO - 10.1007/s10686-011-9237-2
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84866887519
VL - 34
SP - 415
EP - 444
JO - Experimental Astronomy
JF - Experimental Astronomy
SN - 0922-6435
IS - 2
ER -