TY - JOUR
T1 - The adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system and metabolic disorders
T2 - A review of molecular mechanisms
AU - Kalupahana, Nishan S.
AU - Moustaid-Moussa, Naima
PY - 2012/7
Y1 - 2012/7
N2 - The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is classically known for its role in regulation of blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance. In this system, angiotensinogen (Agt), the obligate precursor of all bioactive angiotensin peptides, undergoes two enzymatic cleavages by renin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to produce angiotensin I (Ang I) and angiotensin II (Ang II), respectively. The contemporary view of RAS has become more complex with the discovery of additional angiotensin degradation pathways such as ACE2. All components of the RAS are expressed in and have independent regulation of adipose tissue. This local adipose RAS exerts important auto/paracrine functions in modulating lipogenesis, lipolysis, adipogenesis as well as systemic and adipose tissue inflammation. Mice with adipose-specific Agt overproduction have a 30% increase in plasma Agt levels and develop hypertension and insulin resistance, while mice with adipose-specific Agt knockout have a 25% reduction in Agt plasma levels, demonstrating endocrine actions of adipose RAS. Emerging evidence also points towards a role of RAS in regulation of energy balance. Because adipose RAS is overactivated in many obesity conditions, it is considered a potential candidate linking obesity to hypertension, insulin resistance and other metabolic derangements.
AB - The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is classically known for its role in regulation of blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance. In this system, angiotensinogen (Agt), the obligate precursor of all bioactive angiotensin peptides, undergoes two enzymatic cleavages by renin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to produce angiotensin I (Ang I) and angiotensin II (Ang II), respectively. The contemporary view of RAS has become more complex with the discovery of additional angiotensin degradation pathways such as ACE2. All components of the RAS are expressed in and have independent regulation of adipose tissue. This local adipose RAS exerts important auto/paracrine functions in modulating lipogenesis, lipolysis, adipogenesis as well as systemic and adipose tissue inflammation. Mice with adipose-specific Agt overproduction have a 30% increase in plasma Agt levels and develop hypertension and insulin resistance, while mice with adipose-specific Agt knockout have a 25% reduction in Agt plasma levels, demonstrating endocrine actions of adipose RAS. Emerging evidence also points towards a role of RAS in regulation of energy balance. Because adipose RAS is overactivated in many obesity conditions, it is considered a potential candidate linking obesity to hypertension, insulin resistance and other metabolic derangements.
KW - Adipose tissue inflammation
KW - Angiotensin
KW - Insulin resistance
KW - Metabolic syndrome
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84862672225&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3109/10409238.2012.694843
DO - 10.3109/10409238.2012.694843
M3 - Review article
C2 - 22720713
AN - SCOPUS:84862672225
SN - 1040-9238
VL - 47
SP - 379
EP - 390
JO - Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
JF - Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
IS - 4
ER -