Tests that Second Language Teachers Make and Use

This has been entered into the 2020 SAGE/ILTA Book Award contest.<br><br>Classroom tests are an everyday feature of second and foreign language college-level classrooms across the globe. Otherwise known as criterion-referenced tests, such tests are the familiar quizzes, mid-term exams, and final exams that teachers use to assess student learning, to provide feedback, and to award course grades. Yet little is known about how teachers make these tests. What are the processes by which they write tests? What knowledge sources do they draw from? If teachers inherit a test from a supervisor or a previous teacher, what do they make of it? Do they use previous tests, or parts of them? What is their process of adaptation, and what knowledge sources do they draw from to do that? Still less known is teachers’ preferences about test item formats to use, and areas of learners’ communicative competence they capture in their test items. Further, little is known about whether, or how, teachers check