Synergizing Mouse and Human Studies to Understand the Heterogeneity of Obesity

Obesity is routinely considered as a single disease state, which drives a "one-size-fits-all"approach to treatment.We recently convened the first annual University of North Carolina Interdisciplinary Nutrition Sciences Symposium to discuss the heterogeneity of obesity and the need for translational science to advance understanding of this heterogeneity. The symposium aimed to advance scientific rigor in translational studies from animal to human models with the goal of identifying underlying mechanisms and treatments. In this review, we discuss fundamental gaps in knowledge of the heterogeneity of obesity ranging from cellular to population perspectives. We also advocate approaches to overcoming limitations in the field. Examples include the use of contemporary mouse genetic reference populationmodels such as the Collaborative Cross and Diversity Outbred mice that effectively model human genetic diversity and the use of translational models that integrate-omics and computational approaches from preclinical to clinical models of obesity. Finally, we suggest best scientific practices to ensure strong rigor that will allow investigators to delineate the sources of heterogeneity in the populationwith obesity. Collectively,we propose that it is critical to think of obesity as a heterogeneous diseasewith complexmechanisms and etiologies, requiring unique prevention and treatment strategies tailored to the individual.