TY - JOUR
T1 - Occurrence of synthetic musk fragrances in effluent and non-effluent impacted environments
AU - Chase, Darcy A.
AU - Karnjanapiboonwong, Adcharee
AU - Fang, Yu
AU - Cobb, George P.
AU - Morse, Audra N.
AU - Anderson, Todd A.
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding for this work was from the U.S. EPA to the Water Law and Policy Center at Texas Tech University. We would like to thank the City of Lubbock for access to the WWTP and LAS. Additionally, we would like to thank QingSong Cai, Les McDaniel, and the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering for their instrumental help. Anna Hoffarth, Bryson Finch, Kimberly Wooten, and Timothy Kennedy graciously volunteered to help collect samples. Holly Murphy gratefully created the map.
PY - 2012/2/1
Y1 - 2012/2/1
N2 - Synthetic musk fragrances (SMFs) are considered micropollutants and can be found in various environmental matrices near wastewater discharge areas. These emerging contaminants are often detected in wastewater at low concentrations; they are continuously present and constitute a constant exposure source. Objectives of this study were to investigate the environmental fate, transport, and transformation of SMFs. Occurrence of six polycyclic musk compounds (galaxolide, tonalide, celestolide, phantolide, traseolide, cashmeran) and two nitro musk compounds (musk xylene and musk ketone) was monitored in wastewater, various surface waters and their sediments, as well as groundwater, soil cores, and plants from a treated wastewater land application site. Specifically, samples were collected quarterly from (1) a wastewater treatment plant to determine initial concentrations in wastewater effluent, (2) a storage reservoir at a land application site to determine possible photolysis before land application, (3) soil cores to determine the amount of sorption after land application and groundwater recharge to assess lack thereof, (4) a lake system and its sediment to assess degradation, and (5) non-effluent impacted local playa lakes and sediments to assess potential sources of these compounds. All samples were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Data indicated that occurrence of SMFs in effluent-impacted environments was detectable at ng/L and ng/g concentrations, which decreased during transport throughout wastewater treatment and land application. However, unexpected concentrations, ng/L and ng/g, were also detected in playa lakes not receiving treated effluent. Additionally, soil cores from land application sites had ng/g concentrations, and SMFs were detected in plant samples at trace levels. Galaxolide and tonalide were consistently found in all environments. Information on occurrence is critical to assessing exposure to these potential endocrine disrupting compounds. Such information could provide a scientific framework for establishing the need for environmental regulations.
AB - Synthetic musk fragrances (SMFs) are considered micropollutants and can be found in various environmental matrices near wastewater discharge areas. These emerging contaminants are often detected in wastewater at low concentrations; they are continuously present and constitute a constant exposure source. Objectives of this study were to investigate the environmental fate, transport, and transformation of SMFs. Occurrence of six polycyclic musk compounds (galaxolide, tonalide, celestolide, phantolide, traseolide, cashmeran) and two nitro musk compounds (musk xylene and musk ketone) was monitored in wastewater, various surface waters and their sediments, as well as groundwater, soil cores, and plants from a treated wastewater land application site. Specifically, samples were collected quarterly from (1) a wastewater treatment plant to determine initial concentrations in wastewater effluent, (2) a storage reservoir at a land application site to determine possible photolysis before land application, (3) soil cores to determine the amount of sorption after land application and groundwater recharge to assess lack thereof, (4) a lake system and its sediment to assess degradation, and (5) non-effluent impacted local playa lakes and sediments to assess potential sources of these compounds. All samples were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Data indicated that occurrence of SMFs in effluent-impacted environments was detectable at ng/L and ng/g concentrations, which decreased during transport throughout wastewater treatment and land application. However, unexpected concentrations, ng/L and ng/g, were also detected in playa lakes not receiving treated effluent. Additionally, soil cores from land application sites had ng/g concentrations, and SMFs were detected in plant samples at trace levels. Galaxolide and tonalide were consistently found in all environments. Information on occurrence is critical to assessing exposure to these potential endocrine disrupting compounds. Such information could provide a scientific framework for establishing the need for environmental regulations.
KW - Land application
KW - Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)
KW - Playas
KW - Stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)
KW - Synthetic musk fragrances
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84856228156&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.067
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.067
M3 - Article
C2 - 22197110
AN - SCOPUS:84856228156
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 416
SP - 253
EP - 260
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
ER -