Measuring height without a stadiometer: Empirical investigation of four height estimates among wheelchair users

This study aimed to compare four methods of measuring or estimating height among wheelchair users, to determine whether these methods result in significantly different estimates, and to determine which method is most accurate. : Height data were obtained for 141 wheelchair users. Height estimates included asking for self-report and measuring recumbent length, knee height, and armspan. All analyses were conducted separately for men and women. A two-group confirmatory factor analysis assessed which measure provided the best estimate of height in this population. It also tested the measurement invariance of the four height estimates between men and women and whether there were significant differences across these estimates within each sex. : Confirmatory factor analysis findings indicated that the four measures yielded significantly different height estimates and body mass index values for both men and women. For both sexes, armspan resulted in the longest estimate, and measured recumben