@article{3c0a4e67362745c689b0979d33b45abd,
title = "Ground detection of terrestrial gamma ray flashes from distant radio signals",
abstract = "Terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) are brief bursts of energetic gammy-ray photons generated during thunderstorms, which have been detected almost exclusively by satellite-based instruments. Here we present three lines of evidence which includes the three out of three simultaneously observed pairs, the same occurrence contexts, and the consistent estimated occurrence rate, which indicate a direct relationship between a subset of TGFs and a class of energetic radio signal easily detectable by ground-based sensors. This connection indicates that these gamma ray and radio emissions are two views of the same phenomenon and further enable detection of these TGFs from ground distant radio signals alone. Besides dramatically increasing the detection rate of TGFs, this ground detection approach can identify TGFs in continental and coastal areas that are at latitudes too high for present TGF-detecting satellites and will provide more insights into the mechanism of TGF production.",
keywords = "energetic in-cloud pulses, ground detection, lightning, terrestrial gamma ray flashes",
author = "Fanchao Lyu and Cummer, {Steven A.} and Michael Briggs and Martino Marisaldi and Blakeslee, {Richard J.} and Eric Bruning and Wilson, {Jennifer G.} and William Rison and Paul Krehbiel and Gaopeng Lu and Eric Cramer and Gerard Fitzpatrick and Bagrat Mailyan and Sheila McBreen and Roberts, {Oliver J.} and Matthew Stanbro",
note = "Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the National Science Foundation Dynamic and Physical Meteorology program through grant ATM-1047588 and the DARPA Nimbus program through grant HR0011-10-1-0059. The authors would like to thank those colleges at Florida Institute of Technology, University of Oklahoma, University of Mississippi, and Kansas State University which assist us with the operation of LF networks. We thank Vaisala Inc. for providing the real-time lightning data which enabled us to start the investigation. O.J.R. and S.M.B. acknowledge support from Science Foundation Ireland under grant 12/IP/1288. We thank the Fermi team for providing the Fermi-GBM gamma ray data (http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/access/gbm/). The recent TGF catalog can be accessed on the website (http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/access/gbm/tgf/). All data are available by request (cummer@ee.duke.edu). The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments to improve the paper. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright}2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.",
year = "2016",
month = aug,
day = "28",
doi = "10.1002/2016GL070154",
language = "English",
volume = "43",
pages = "8728--8734",
journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
issn = "0094-8276",
number = "16",
}