TY - JOUR
T1 - Examination of the mutagenicity of RDX and its N-nitroso metabolites using the Salmonella reverse mutation assay
AU - Pan, Xiaoping
AU - San Francisco, Michael J.
AU - Lee, Crystal
AU - Ochoa, Kelly M.
AU - Xu, Xiaozheng
AU - Liu, Jun
AU - Zhang, Baohong
AU - Cox, Stephen B.
AU - Cobb, George P.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was funded by the Strategic Environmental Research & Development Program (SERDP), Project No. CU1235. This research was supported in part by a Howard Hughes Medical Institute grant through the Undergraduate Biological Sciences Education Program to Texas Tech University. We would like to thank Angela Swerdlove, Jodi Wrangham, and Jennifer Huddleston for their valuable contributions and Corey Radtke at the Idaho National Laboratory for discussion of ideas that led to this research.
PY - 2007/4/20
Y1 - 2007/4/20
N2 - The mutagenicity of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and its N-nitroso derivatives hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX) were evaluated using the Salmonella tryphimurium reverse mutation assay (Ames assay) with strains TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102. Using a preincubation procedure and high S9 activation (9%), RDX was observed to induce weak mutagenesis to strain TA97a with a mutagenicity index (MI) of 1.5-2.0 at a dose range of 32.7-1090 μg/plate. MNX induced moderate mutagenesis to strain TA97a with an MI of 1.6-2.8 at a dose range of 21.7-878 μg/plate. TNX also induced moderate mutagenesis in strain TA97a with an MI of 2.0-3.5 to TA97a at a dose range of 22.7-1120 μg/plate. TNX also caused weak mutagenesis to strain TA100 with S9 activation at the dose of 1200 μg/plate. MNX and TNX induced weak to moderate mutagenesis to strain TA102. Strain TA97a was found to be the most sensitive strain among these four strains. No cytotoxicity of RDX, MNX, and TNX was observed at the concentrations used in this study. Doses were verified by HPLC.
AB - The mutagenicity of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and its N-nitroso derivatives hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX) were evaluated using the Salmonella tryphimurium reverse mutation assay (Ames assay) with strains TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102. Using a preincubation procedure and high S9 activation (9%), RDX was observed to induce weak mutagenesis to strain TA97a with a mutagenicity index (MI) of 1.5-2.0 at a dose range of 32.7-1090 μg/plate. MNX induced moderate mutagenesis to strain TA97a with an MI of 1.6-2.8 at a dose range of 21.7-878 μg/plate. TNX also induced moderate mutagenesis in strain TA97a with an MI of 2.0-3.5 to TA97a at a dose range of 22.7-1120 μg/plate. TNX also caused weak mutagenesis to strain TA100 with S9 activation at the dose of 1200 μg/plate. MNX and TNX induced weak to moderate mutagenesis to strain TA102. Strain TA97a was found to be the most sensitive strain among these four strains. No cytotoxicity of RDX, MNX, and TNX was observed at the concentrations used in this study. Doses were verified by HPLC.
KW - Ames
KW - Assay
KW - MNX
KW - Mutagenesis
KW - RDX
KW - TNX explosives
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=33947593521&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.01.006
DO - 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.01.006
M3 - Article
C2 - 17360228
AN - SCOPUS:33947593521
SN - 1383-5718
VL - 629
SP - 64
EP - 69
JO - Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis
JF - Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis
IS - 1
ER -