TY - JOUR
T1 - Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of chlorinated phenols utilizing Hydra attenuata and postimplantation rat embryos in culture
AU - Mayura, Kittane
AU - Smith, Ernest E.
AU - Clement, Beverly A.
AU - Phillips, Timothy D.
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by NIH P42-ES04917. The authors express special thanks to Norma Funkhouser for assistance with computer graphics for the hydra system.
PY - 1991/4
Y1 - 1991/4
N2 - Chlorinated phenols (CPs) represent a major component of hazardous oily and wood-preserving wastes that are widely distributed in chemical dumpsites throughout the United States. Pentachlorophenol (C5P) has been reported to be highly embryolethal and embryotoxic in rats. However, data pertaining to the developmental toxicities of other important CPs are limited. In this study, the toxicities of phenol, CP homologues and their isomers, selected phenyl acetates, anisoles, sodium phenates, and tetrachlorobenzoquinones (a total of 38 chemicals) were evaluated using cultures of Hydra attenuata (HA). Developmental hazard index ( A D ratio) was determined for selected test chemicals (i.e., those chemicals which resulted in an early toxic endpoint at the lowest whole-log concentration in the adult hydra assay). These same chemicals were evaluated at equimolar concentration in postimplantation rat whole embryo culture (WEC). HA and WEC studies demonstrated a linear relationship between toxicity and the degree of chlorine substitution with C5P > 2,3,4,5-C4P > 2,3,5-C3P > 3,5-C2P > 4-CP > phenol. The A D ratios from the HA assay were approximately 1 for all of the chemicals tested. Findings from the WEC assay indicated similar results based on growth, gross morphology, and DNA and protein content of embryos. The results obtained in the HA and WEC assays suggest that the chlorinated phenols are not potent teratogens. The combination of HA and WEC may facilitate the rapid detection and ranking of hazardous chemicals associated with complex mixtures of chemical wastes.
AB - Chlorinated phenols (CPs) represent a major component of hazardous oily and wood-preserving wastes that are widely distributed in chemical dumpsites throughout the United States. Pentachlorophenol (C5P) has been reported to be highly embryolethal and embryotoxic in rats. However, data pertaining to the developmental toxicities of other important CPs are limited. In this study, the toxicities of phenol, CP homologues and their isomers, selected phenyl acetates, anisoles, sodium phenates, and tetrachlorobenzoquinones (a total of 38 chemicals) were evaluated using cultures of Hydra attenuata (HA). Developmental hazard index ( A D ratio) was determined for selected test chemicals (i.e., those chemicals which resulted in an early toxic endpoint at the lowest whole-log concentration in the adult hydra assay). These same chemicals were evaluated at equimolar concentration in postimplantation rat whole embryo culture (WEC). HA and WEC studies demonstrated a linear relationship between toxicity and the degree of chlorine substitution with C5P > 2,3,4,5-C4P > 2,3,5-C3P > 3,5-C2P > 4-CP > phenol. The A D ratios from the HA assay were approximately 1 for all of the chemicals tested. Findings from the WEC assay indicated similar results based on growth, gross morphology, and DNA and protein content of embryos. The results obtained in the HA and WEC assays suggest that the chlorinated phenols are not potent teratogens. The combination of HA and WEC may facilitate the rapid detection and ranking of hazardous chemicals associated with complex mixtures of chemical wastes.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0026091074&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/0041-008X(91)90116-V
DO - 10.1016/0041-008X(91)90116-V
M3 - Article
C2 - 2017755
AN - SCOPUS:0026091074
SN - 0041-008X
VL - 108
SP - 253
EP - 266
JO - Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
JF - Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
IS - 2
ER -