Energy balance of six common landscape surfaces and the influence of surface properties on gas exchange of four containerized tree species

Agriculture & Biology

• energy balance 100%
• gas exchange 92%
• bitumen 58%
• volcanic rocks 53%
• lawns and turf 52%
• Pinus 49%
• terrestrial radiation 39%
• bark 38%
• bark mulches 26%
• surface temperature 22%
• soil heat flux 20%
• Acer platanoides 18%
• Malus 15%
• thermal conductivity 14%
• leaves 14%
• soil temperature 13%
• stomatal conductance 12%
• regression analysis 10%
• Salix matsudana 10%
• shortwave radiation 10%
• Platanus occidentalis 10%
• mulches 8%
• gravel 7%
• willows 7%
• woody plants 6%
• urban areas 6%
• ornamental plants 6%
• soil 6%
• vapors 6%
• rocks 6%
• cooling 5%
• water 5%
• temperature 5%