TY - JOUR
T1 - Effects of chronic 2,4,6,-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and 2,6-dinitrotoluene exposure on developing bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles
AU - Paden, Norka E.
AU - Smith, Ernest E.
AU - Maul, Jonathan D.
AU - Kendall, Ronald J.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors greatly appreciate the collaboration of Dr. Angela Gentles during the experimental design and euthanasia. Mike Wages and Mitchel Burt provided technical assistance for animal husbandry. Jason Fields assisted with water changes. Stephanie Baker provided useful comments on an earlier version of this paper. This research was financially supported by the United States Department of Defense (DoD) through the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) project T06-49 .
PY - 2011/5
Y1 - 2011/5
N2 - Chronic aqueous exposures were conducted using bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles (8. d old) exposed to TNT (0-4. mg/L), 2,4-DNT (0-4. mg/L), and 2,6-DNT (0-8. mg/L) for 90. d. Survival of tadpoles examined using Cox proportional hazard models was reduced at all concentrations tested. Percent of abnormal swimming and other morphological abnormalities after sublethal exposure to TNT, 2,4-DNT, and 2,6-DNT at 2. mg/L were also evaluated. The effects of TNT, 2,4-DNT, and 2,6-DNT on wet body mass, snout vent length (SVL), and developmental stage of surviving tadpoles were examined. Only 2,4-DNT did not have a significant effect on body mass or SVL, but all three compounds tested had significant effects on survival. Long-term continuous exposure to these compounds at concentrations of 0.25. mg/L could lead to significant changes in growth and survival of larval amphibians.
AB - Chronic aqueous exposures were conducted using bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles (8. d old) exposed to TNT (0-4. mg/L), 2,4-DNT (0-4. mg/L), and 2,6-DNT (0-8. mg/L) for 90. d. Survival of tadpoles examined using Cox proportional hazard models was reduced at all concentrations tested. Percent of abnormal swimming and other morphological abnormalities after sublethal exposure to TNT, 2,4-DNT, and 2,6-DNT at 2. mg/L were also evaluated. The effects of TNT, 2,4-DNT, and 2,6-DNT on wet body mass, snout vent length (SVL), and developmental stage of surviving tadpoles were examined. Only 2,4-DNT did not have a significant effect on body mass or SVL, but all three compounds tested had significant effects on survival. Long-term continuous exposure to these compounds at concentrations of 0.25. mg/L could lead to significant changes in growth and survival of larval amphibians.
KW - Amphibian
KW - Development
KW - High explosives
KW - Tadpoles
KW - Toxic effects
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=79955525150&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.12.016
DO - 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.12.016
M3 - Article
C2 - 21257201
AN - SCOPUS:79955525150
SN - 0147-6513
VL - 74
SP - 924
EP - 928
JO - Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
JF - Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
IS - 4
ER -