TY - JOUR
T1 - Effects of active, passive, and combined smoking on cervical cancer mortality
T2 - a nationwide proportional mortality study in Chinese urban women
AU - Jiang, Jingmei
AU - Pang, Haiyu
AU - Liu, Boqi
AU - Nasca, Philip C.
AU - Zhang, Biao
AU - Wu, Yanping
AU - Han, Wei
AU - Gates, Margaret
AU - Lu, Tao
AU - Zou, Xiaonong
AU - Xue, Fang
AU - Hou, Lei
AU - Wang, Zixing
AU - Wang, Yuyan
AU - Chen, Yuanli
AU - Li, Junyao
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2015, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
Copyright:
Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2015/7/13
Y1 - 2015/7/13
N2 - Purpose: To determine whether smoking, in any form, is a risk factor in the development of cervical cancer (CC) among urban Chinese women. Methods: We ascertained retrospectively the smoking habits of 1,865 women (aged 35+) who had died from CC (cases) and 48,781 who had died from causes unrelated to smoking (controls) in 24 cities using data from a large national survey of smoking and mortality in 1989–1991. We assessed the risk of smoking on CC mortality with and without considering passive smoke exposure from a spouse using a proportional mortality study design. Results: Overall, there was a 51.0 % excess risk of death from CC among smokers. When the spouse’s exposure was further considered, the RR (95 % CI) for exposed versus unexposed women was 1.28 (1.04–1.57) for passive smokers, 1.49 (1.02–2.20) for active smokers, and 1.69 (1.27–2.26) for women with both exposures (all p < 0.001). Significant dose–response associations were observed between smoking and CC for all categories of exposure. For example, individuals with both smoking exposure had the highest risk of CC mortality with moderate [RR = 1.67 (1.18–2.38)] and high [RR = 1.88 (1.04–3.41)] daily cigarette consumption, and they also had the highest risk with ≤15 years exposure [RR = 1.73 (1.19–2.52)] and >15 years exposure [RR = 1.95 (1.15–3.32)], compared with the active and passive groups (p for trend <0.001). Conclusions: Younger trend of CC death and the rapid increase in smoking among young women may have a profound impact on future incidence of CC. Our findings emphasize the need for preventive efforts among both women and men in China.
AB - Purpose: To determine whether smoking, in any form, is a risk factor in the development of cervical cancer (CC) among urban Chinese women. Methods: We ascertained retrospectively the smoking habits of 1,865 women (aged 35+) who had died from CC (cases) and 48,781 who had died from causes unrelated to smoking (controls) in 24 cities using data from a large national survey of smoking and mortality in 1989–1991. We assessed the risk of smoking on CC mortality with and without considering passive smoke exposure from a spouse using a proportional mortality study design. Results: Overall, there was a 51.0 % excess risk of death from CC among smokers. When the spouse’s exposure was further considered, the RR (95 % CI) for exposed versus unexposed women was 1.28 (1.04–1.57) for passive smokers, 1.49 (1.02–2.20) for active smokers, and 1.69 (1.27–2.26) for women with both exposures (all p < 0.001). Significant dose–response associations were observed between smoking and CC for all categories of exposure. For example, individuals with both smoking exposure had the highest risk of CC mortality with moderate [RR = 1.67 (1.18–2.38)] and high [RR = 1.88 (1.04–3.41)] daily cigarette consumption, and they also had the highest risk with ≤15 years exposure [RR = 1.73 (1.19–2.52)] and >15 years exposure [RR = 1.95 (1.15–3.32)], compared with the active and passive groups (p for trend <0.001). Conclusions: Younger trend of CC death and the rapid increase in smoking among young women may have a profound impact on future incidence of CC. Our findings emphasize the need for preventive efforts among both women and men in China.
KW - Cervical cancer
KW - Chinese women
KW - Mortality
KW - Passive smoking
KW - Smoking
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84930928824&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s10552-015-0580-x
DO - 10.1007/s10552-015-0580-x
M3 - Article
C2 - 25898822
AN - SCOPUS:84930928824
VL - 26
SP - 983
EP - 991
JO - Cancer Causes and Control
JF - Cancer Causes and Control
SN - 0957-5243
IS - 7
ER -