TY - JOUR
T1 - Effect of titanium dioxide nanomaterials and ultraviolet light coexposure on African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)
AU - Zhang, Junling
AU - Wages, Mike
AU - Cox, Stephen B.
AU - Maul, Jonathan D.
AU - Li, Yujia
AU - Barnes, Melanie
AU - Hope-Weeks, Louisa
AU - Cobb, George P.
PY - 2012/1
Y1 - 2012/1
N2 - Titanium dioxide nanomaterials (nano-TiO 2) exhibit stronger photochemical oxidation/reduction capacity compared with their bulk counterparts, but the effectiveness of nano-TiO 2 interaction with ultraviolet (UV) light strongly depends on particle size. In this study, the dependence of nano-TiO 2 toxicity on particle size and interaction with UV light were investigated. Toxicity tests with Xenopus laevis included eight concentrations of nano-TiO 2 in the presence of either white light or UVA (315-400nm). We quantified viability and growth of Xenopus laevis. Results showed that, regardless of UV light exposure, increasing TiO 2 concentration decreased X. laevis survival (p<0.05). Coexposure to 5-nm TiO 2 and UVA caused near-significant decreases in X. laevis survival (p=0.08). Coexposure to 10-nm TiO 2 and UVA significantly decreased X. laevis survival (p=0.005). However, coexposure to 32-nm TiO 2 and UVA had no statistical effect on X. laevis survival (p=0.8). For all three particle sizes, whether alone or with UV light, the nano-TiO 2 concentrations significantly affected growth of tadpoles as determined by total body length, snout-vent length, and developmental stage. High-concentration TiO 2 solutions suppressed tadpole body length and delayed developmental stages. Further research to explore reasons for the growth and mortality in tadpoles is still underway in our laboratory. Given the widespread application of nano-TiO 2, our results may be useful in the management of nano-TiO 2 released from industrial, municipal, and nonpoint sources.
AB - Titanium dioxide nanomaterials (nano-TiO 2) exhibit stronger photochemical oxidation/reduction capacity compared with their bulk counterparts, but the effectiveness of nano-TiO 2 interaction with ultraviolet (UV) light strongly depends on particle size. In this study, the dependence of nano-TiO 2 toxicity on particle size and interaction with UV light were investigated. Toxicity tests with Xenopus laevis included eight concentrations of nano-TiO 2 in the presence of either white light or UVA (315-400nm). We quantified viability and growth of Xenopus laevis. Results showed that, regardless of UV light exposure, increasing TiO 2 concentration decreased X. laevis survival (p<0.05). Coexposure to 5-nm TiO 2 and UVA caused near-significant decreases in X. laevis survival (p=0.08). Coexposure to 10-nm TiO 2 and UVA significantly decreased X. laevis survival (p=0.005). However, coexposure to 32-nm TiO 2 and UVA had no statistical effect on X. laevis survival (p=0.8). For all three particle sizes, whether alone or with UV light, the nano-TiO 2 concentrations significantly affected growth of tadpoles as determined by total body length, snout-vent length, and developmental stage. High-concentration TiO 2 solutions suppressed tadpole body length and delayed developmental stages. Further research to explore reasons for the growth and mortality in tadpoles is still underway in our laboratory. Given the widespread application of nano-TiO 2, our results may be useful in the management of nano-TiO 2 released from industrial, municipal, and nonpoint sources.
KW - Amphibian
KW - FETAX
KW - Nanotoxicity
KW - Titanium dioxide
KW - Ultraviolet light
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84856488902&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/etc.718
DO - 10.1002/etc.718
M3 - Article
C2 - 22012895
AN - SCOPUS:84856488902
VL - 31
SP - 176
EP - 183
JO - Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
JF - Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
SN - 0730-7268
IS - 1
ER -