TY - JOUR
T1 - Color origin and heat evidence of paleontological bones
T2 - Case study of blue and gray bones from San Josecito cave, Mexico
AU - Chadefaux, Céline
AU - Vignaud, Colette
AU - Chalmin, Emilie
AU - Robles-Camacho, Jasinto
AU - Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin
AU - Johnson, Eileen
AU - Reiche, Ina
PY - 2009/1
Y1 - 2009/1
N2 - Results of the investigation of paleontological blue and gray bone fragments of small vertebrates coming from stratigraphic layer 770 at San Josecito Cave (Nuevo Leon, Mexico, dating between 28 000 and 19 000 years BP), are presented. Structural and elemental analyses combining X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and particle-induced X-ray and γ-ray emission (micro-PIXE/PIGE), as well as spectroscopic investigations [i.e., UV/visible/near-IR reflectance spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy] were performed to identify precisely the origin of the blue stain. Prior research has shown that Mn5+ in tetrahedral coordination could be responsible for the turquoise blue color in mastodon ivory some tens of million years old that was modified by a heat process. Manganese is present in the anionic form of (MnO4)3- and partially substitute for (PO4)3- in the hydroxyapatite matrix. The spectroscopic data of the present study have revealed a heat-induced modification, revealed traces of Mn among the typical bone constituents (Ca, P., Sr, Zn), and provided insights into the color origin of the blue paleontological bones from San Josecito Cave. Cations of Mn5+ in a tetrahedral environment of four O2- ions in the apatite structure are found in these bones, the same color origin as in the blue mastodon ivory. As indicated by XANES, Mn4+ ions in octahedral coordination as in pyrolusite are found in gray bones. The presence of submicroscopic Mn oxide inclusions might explain the color of the San Josecito gray bones. The formation of Mn5+ very likely is induced by heat treatment of the bones under oxidizing conditions. The heat-induced modification of both types of paleontological bones also is indicated by the direct observation of apatite crystals using TEM. The question remains, however, how the heat originated inside the cave.
AB - Results of the investigation of paleontological blue and gray bone fragments of small vertebrates coming from stratigraphic layer 770 at San Josecito Cave (Nuevo Leon, Mexico, dating between 28 000 and 19 000 years BP), are presented. Structural and elemental analyses combining X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and particle-induced X-ray and γ-ray emission (micro-PIXE/PIGE), as well as spectroscopic investigations [i.e., UV/visible/near-IR reflectance spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy] were performed to identify precisely the origin of the blue stain. Prior research has shown that Mn5+ in tetrahedral coordination could be responsible for the turquoise blue color in mastodon ivory some tens of million years old that was modified by a heat process. Manganese is present in the anionic form of (MnO4)3- and partially substitute for (PO4)3- in the hydroxyapatite matrix. The spectroscopic data of the present study have revealed a heat-induced modification, revealed traces of Mn among the typical bone constituents (Ca, P., Sr, Zn), and provided insights into the color origin of the blue paleontological bones from San Josecito Cave. Cations of Mn5+ in a tetrahedral environment of four O2- ions in the apatite structure are found in these bones, the same color origin as in the blue mastodon ivory. As indicated by XANES, Mn4+ ions in octahedral coordination as in pyrolusite are found in gray bones. The presence of submicroscopic Mn oxide inclusions might explain the color of the San Josecito gray bones. The formation of Mn5+ very likely is induced by heat treatment of the bones under oxidizing conditions. The heat-induced modification of both types of paleontological bones also is indicated by the direct observation of apatite crystals using TEM. The question remains, however, how the heat originated inside the cave.
KW - Color origin
KW - Heat-induced recrystallization
KW - Mn apatite
KW - Paleontological blue bone
KW - TEM
KW - XANES
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=67650456829&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.2138/am.2009.2860
DO - 10.2138/am.2009.2860
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:67650456829
SN - 0003-004X
VL - 94
SP - 27
EP - 33
JO - American Mineralogist
JF - American Mineralogist
IS - 1
ER -