TY - JOUR
T1 - Chrononutrition and Breast Milk
T2 - A Review of Circadian Variation in Breast Milk Nutrient Composition
AU - Moyo, Gugulethu
AU - Jackson, Shera
AU - Childress, Allison
AU - Dawson, John
AU - Thompson, Leslie
AU - Oldewage-Theron, Wilna
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© Copyright 2021 United States Lactation Consulting Association.
PY - 2021/5/1
Y1 - 2021/5/1
N2 - Objective: The objective of this literature review was to identify and summarize the current knowledge on the circadian variation of breast milk nutrients and the implications of these findings. Method: A review of literature was conducted, including all relevant studies regardless of location and year of publication. Results: The amino acids tyrosine, histidine, aspartic acid and phenylalanine and energy were observed to be higher during the day. Fat and the vitamins B-1, B-2, B-3, B-6, and B-12 were higher at night. Other studies have shown conflicting results or no circadian variation for certain nutrients. Poor reproducibility and small sample sizes affect the quality of existing research. Conclusion: More research is needed, and longitudinal studies would help assess the effect of breast milk chrononutrition on the long-term health outcomes of infants.
AB - Objective: The objective of this literature review was to identify and summarize the current knowledge on the circadian variation of breast milk nutrients and the implications of these findings. Method: A review of literature was conducted, including all relevant studies regardless of location and year of publication. Results: The amino acids tyrosine, histidine, aspartic acid and phenylalanine and energy were observed to be higher during the day. Fat and the vitamins B-1, B-2, B-3, B-6, and B-12 were higher at night. Other studies have shown conflicting results or no circadian variation for certain nutrients. Poor reproducibility and small sample sizes affect the quality of existing research. Conclusion: More research is needed, and longitudinal studies would help assess the effect of breast milk chrononutrition on the long-term health outcomes of infants.
KW - circadian rhythm
KW - diurnal variation
KW - lactation
KW - macronutrient
KW - micronutrient
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85105962387&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1891/CLINLACT-D-20-00027
DO - 10.1891/CLINLACT-D-20-00027
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85105962387
SN - 2158-0782
VL - 12
SP - 74
EP - 82
JO - Clinical Lactation
JF - Clinical Lactation
IS - 2
ER -