TY - JOUR
T1 - Aqueous ractopamine exposure below 0.22 mg/L has no effect on mortality, malformation, or growth of developing Xenopus laevis tadpoles
AU - Sandoz, Melissa A.
AU - Lewis, McKinlee M.
AU - Wages, Mike
AU - Peterson, Eric M.
AU - Clendening, Sheree L.
AU - Wooten, Kimberly J.
AU - Smith, Philip N.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
PY - 2020/7/2
Y1 - 2020/7/2
N2 - Ractopamine, a β-adrenergic receptor agonist, is commonly used as a repartitioning agent and growth promotor in animal agriculture. There is evidence that ractopamine can enter natural water sources from livestock wastes, at concentrations in the low ng/L range. Currently, aquatic toxicity data for ractopamine is scarce. Therefore, in two separate experiments Xenopus laevis tadpoles were exposed to ractopamine in tank water at concentrations ranging from 2 ng/L to 2.2 mg/L for up to 14 d utilizing FETAX methodology. No overt signs of toxicity were identified in measured endpoints including survival, growth, malformation, and developmental stage. Oral ractopamine exposure in mammals and fish is associated with cardiotoxicity, increased mortality, and physiological alterations; however, this study suggests that aqueous ractopamine is not a developmental toxicant or overtly toxic to amphibians at environmentally relevant concentrations.
AB - Ractopamine, a β-adrenergic receptor agonist, is commonly used as a repartitioning agent and growth promotor in animal agriculture. There is evidence that ractopamine can enter natural water sources from livestock wastes, at concentrations in the low ng/L range. Currently, aquatic toxicity data for ractopamine is scarce. Therefore, in two separate experiments Xenopus laevis tadpoles were exposed to ractopamine in tank water at concentrations ranging from 2 ng/L to 2.2 mg/L for up to 14 d utilizing FETAX methodology. No overt signs of toxicity were identified in measured endpoints including survival, growth, malformation, and developmental stage. Oral ractopamine exposure in mammals and fish is associated with cardiotoxicity, increased mortality, and physiological alterations; however, this study suggests that aqueous ractopamine is not a developmental toxicant or overtly toxic to amphibians at environmentally relevant concentrations.
KW - Aquatic toxicity
KW - Ractopamine
KW - Veterinary pharmaceuticals ±
KW - Xenopus laevis
KW - β-agonist
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85087376509&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1080/02772248.2020.1778700
DO - 10.1080/02772248.2020.1778700
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85087376509
VL - 102
SP - 261
EP - 271
JO - Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry
JF - Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry
SN - 0277-2248
IS - 5-6
ER -